國外名校名著【化工過程分析、綜合與設計第五版】（英文原版）

內容簡介

《化工過程分析、綜合與設計》是Richard Turton、Joseph A. Shaeiwitz、Debangsu Bhattacharyya和Wallace B. Whiting教授所著的國際經典教材。 本書是原著第五版的影印版，從化工設計所需的基礎知識講起，指導完整設計一個化工流程，每篇分別講述了設計過程所涉及的方方面面，包括化工過程的概念與分析、工程經濟分析、合成與優化，化工設備和工藝設備的設計與效能，化工設計對社會的影響，以及人際關係和溝通技巧。 本書包括最新的安全和倫理資源，並重點介紹了常見單元操作的設備設計，如流體流動、傳熱、分離、反應器等。 以15種化工工藝和6個工程項目為例，論述了化工設計常用方法，重點解釋了設計思路。 《化工過程分析、綜合與設計》可作為高等學校化工及相關專業大學生的教材和畢業設計指導參考書，也可供石油與化工、製藥及輕工等行業從事科研開發、生產科技管理和工程設計的人員及研究生參攷。

作者簡介

理查德·特頓（Richard Turton）在過去的32年裏，一直在西佛吉尼亞大學教授設計及相關課程。 在此之前，他在設計和建築行業工作了5年。 他的主要研究方向是設計和過程系統建模。 約瑟夫·A. 謝維茨（Joseph A. Shaeiwitz）在西佛吉尼亞大學教授設計及相關課程超過25年。 他現在在奧本大學教授設計課程。 他的研究方向包括過程設計和成果評估。 德邦蘇·巴塔查裏亞（Debangsu Bhattacharyya）擁有十餘年大型煉油廠的工作經驗。 在煉油廠工作期間，他從事工藝操作、裝置開車、大規模工藝類比和過程控制工作。 他的主要研究方向是過程建模、動態模擬、狀態估計、感測器配寘和高級過程控制。 華萊士·B. 懷廷（Wallace B. Whiting）是內華達大學裏諾分校的名譽教授，從事化工工藝設計的實踐和教學工作超過24年。

目錄

Nomenclature

符號錶

第0章Outcomes Assessment

成果評估1

0.1 Student Self-Assessment /學生自我評估/ 2

0.2 Assessment by Faculty /教員評估/ 4

0.3 Summary /總結/ 6

References /參考文獻/ 6

第1篇Conceptualization and Analysis of Chemical Processes

化工過程的概念與分析7

第1章Diagrams for Understanding Chemical Processes

瞭解化工過程的圖表9

1.1 Block Flow Diagram（BFD）/程式框圖（BFD）/ 11

1.1.1 Block Flow Process Diagram /方框流程圖/ 11

1.1.2 Block Flow Plant Diagram /方塊流程工廠圖/ 12

1.2 Process Flow Diagram（PFD）/工藝流程圖（PFD）/ 14

1.2.1 Process Topology /流程拓撲/ 14

1.2.2 Stream Information /物流數據/ 18

1.2.3 Equipment Information /設備資訊/ 21

1.2.4 Combining Topology，Stream Data，and Control Strategy to Give a PFD /結合拓撲、物流數據和控制策略的PFD圖/ 21

1.3 Piping and Instrumentation Diagram（P&ID）/筦道及儀錶流程圖（P&ID）/ 27

1.4 Additional Diagrams /附加圖表/ 32

1.5 Three-Dimensional Representation of a Process /過程的三維表示/ 34

1.6 The 3-D Plant Model /三維工廠模型/ 41

1.7 Operator and 3-D Immersive Training Simulators /操作員及3-D沉浸式訓練模擬器/ 43

1.7.1 Operator Training Simulators（OTS）/操作員訓練模擬器（OTS）/ 43

1.7.2 3-D Immersive Training Simulators（ITS）/三維沉浸式訓練模擬器（ITS）/ 45

1.7.3 Linking the ITS with an OTS /連接ITS和OTS / 46

1.8 Summary /總結/ 48

References /參考文獻/ 49

Short Answer Questions /簡答題/ 49

Problems /習題/ 50

第2章The Structure and Synthesis of Process Flow Diagrams

工藝流程圖的結構與綜合55

2.1 Hierarchy of Process Design /過程設計的層次結構/ 55

2.2 Step 1—Batch versus Continuous Process /步驟1——間歇過程與連續過程/ 56

2.3 Step 2—The Input/Output Structure of the Process /步驟2——過程的輸入/輸出結構/ 60

2.3.1 Process Concept Diagram /過程概念圖/ 60

2.3.2 The Input/Output Structure of the Process Flow Diagram /工藝流程圖的輸入/輸出結構/ 61

2.3.3 The Input/Output Structure and Other Features of the Generic Block Flow Process Diagram /通用方框流程圖的輸入/輸出結構及其他特徵/ 63

2.3.4 Other Considerations for the Input/Output Structure of the Process Flowsheet /工藝流程圖輸入/輸出結構的其他考慮因素/ 65

2.3.5 What Information Can Be Determined Using the Input/Output Diagram for a Process？/ 使用過程的輸入/輸出圖可以確定哪些資訊/ 68

2.4 Step 3—The Recycle Structure of the Process /第三步——過程的迴圈結構/ 70

2.4.1 Efficiency of Raw Material Usage /原材料使用效率/ 70

2.4.2 Identification and Definition of the Recycle Structure of the Process /工藝迴圈結構的識別和定義/ 71

2.4.3 Other Issues Affecting the Recycle Structure That Lead to Process Alternatives /影響導致工藝替代的迴圈結構的其他問題/ 75

2.5 Step 4—General Structure of the Separation System /第4步——分離系統的一般結構/ 83

2.6 Step 5—Heat-Exchanger Network or Process Energy Recovery System /第5步——換熱網絡或過程能量回收系統/ 83

2.7 Information Required and Sources /所需資訊和來源/ 83

2.8 Summary /總結/ 83

References /參考文獻/ 85

Short Answer Questions /簡答題/ 86

Problems /習題/ 86

第3章Batch Processing

間歇過程91

3.1 Design Calculations for Batch Processes /間歇過程的設計計算/ 91

3.2 Gantt Charts and Scheduling /甘特圖和進度計畫/ 97

3.3 Nonoverlapping Operations，Overlapping Operations，and Cycle Times /非重疊操作、重疊操作和週期時間/ 98

3.4 Flowshop and Jobshop Plants /流水線和車間工廠/ 101

3.4.1 Flowshop Plants /流水線工廠/ 101

3.4.2 Jobshop Plants /車間工廠/ 103

3.5 Product and Intermediate Storage and Parallel Process Units /產品和中間存儲及並行處理單元/ 106

3.5.1 Product Storage for Single-Product Campaigns /單一產品活動的產品存儲/ 106

3.5.2 Intermediate Storage /中間存儲/ 108

3.5.3 Parallel Process Units /並行處理單元/ 110

3.6 Design of Equipment for Multiproduct Batch Processes /多產品間歇處理設備的設計/ 111

3.7 Summary /總結/ 113

References /參考文獻/ 114

Short Answer Questions /簡答題/ 114

Problems /習題/ 114

第4章Chemical Product Design

化工產品設計123

4.1 Strategies for Chemical Product Design /化工產品設計策略/ 124

4.2 Needs /需求/ 125

4.3 Ideas /方法/ 127

4.4 Selection /篩選/ 128

4.5 Manufacture /加工/ 130

4.6 Batch Processing /間歇過程/ 131

4.7 Economic Considerations /經濟因素/ 131

4.8 Summary /總結/ 132

References /參考文獻/ 132

第5章Tracing Chemicals through the Process Flow Diagram /通過工藝流程圖追跡化學品135

5.1 Guidelines and Tactics for Tracing Chemicals /追跡化學品的指南和策略/ 135

5.2 Tracing Primary Paths Taken by Chemicals in a Chemical Process /追跡化學品在化學過程中的主要路徑/ 136

5.3 Recycle and Bypass Streams /迴圈和旁通流/ 142

5.4 Tracing Nonreacting Chemicals /追跡不反應的化學品/ 145

5.5 Limitations /局限性/ 145

5.6 Written Process Description /書面流程概況/ 146

5.7 Summary /總結/ 147

Problems /習題/ 147

第6章Understanding Process Conditions

瞭解工藝條件149

6.1 Conditions of Special Concern for the Operation of Separation and Reactor Systems /分離和反應器系統運行的特別關注條件/ 150

6.1.1 Pressure /壓力/ 150

6.1.2 Temperature /溫度/ 150

6.2 Reasons for Operating at Conditions of Special Concern /在特別關注條件下操作的原因/ 152

6.3 Conditions of Special Concern for the Operation of Other Equipment /其他設備運行需要特別關注的條件/ 155

6.4 Analysis of Important Process Conditions /關鍵工藝條件分析/ 158

6.4.1 Evaluation of Reactor R-101 /反應器R-101的評估/ 158

6.4.2 Evaluation of High-Pressure Phase Separator V-102 /高壓相分離器V-102的評估/ 164

6.4.3 Evaluation of Large Temperature Driving Force in Exchanger E-101 /換熱器E-101中高溫驅動力的評估/ 164

6.4.4 Evaluation of Exchanger E-102 /換熱器E-102的評估/ 164

6.4.5 Pressure Control Valve on Stream 8 /流路8上的壓力控制閥/ 164

6.4.6 Pressure Control Valve on Stream from V-102 to V-103 / V-102至V-103流路上的壓力控制閥/ 164

6.5 Summary /總結/ 165

References /參考文獻/ 165

Short Answer Questions /簡答題/ 165

Problems /習題/ 166

第2篇Engineering Economic Analysis of Chemical Processes

化工過程的工程經濟分析169

第7章Estimation of Capital Costs

固定成本估算171

7.1 Classifications of Capital Cost Estimates /固定成本估算的分類/ 172

7.2 Estimation of Purchased Equipment Costs /採購設備成本估算/ 175

7.2.1 Effect of Capacity on Purchased Equipment Cost /產能對採購設備成本的影響/ 175

7.2.2 Effect of Time on Purchased Equipment Cost /時間對採購設備成本的影響/ 179

7.3 Estimating the Total Capital Cost of a Plant /估算工廠的總固定成本/ 182

7.3.1 Lang Factor Technique /朗因數科技/ 184

7.3.2 Module Costing Technique /模塊成本科技/ 185

7.3.3 Bare Module Cost for Equipment at Base Conditions /基本條件下設備的裸模塊成本/ 186

7.3.4 Bare Module Cost for Non-Base-Case Conditions /非基本條件下的裸模塊成本/ 189

7.3.5 Combination of Pressure and MOC Information to Give the Bare Module Factor，FBM，and Bare Module Cost，CBM /結合壓力和MOC資訊得出裸模塊係數（FBM）和裸模塊成本（CBM）/ 199

7.3.6 Algorithm for Calculating Bare Module Costs /計算裸模塊成本的算灋/ 200

7.3.7 Grassroots（Green Field）and Total Module Costs /基層（綠地）和總模塊成本/ 201

7.3.8 A Computer Program（CAPCOST）for Capital Cost Estimation Using the Equipment Module Approach /用設備模塊法進行固定成本估算的電腦程式（CAPCOST）/ 204

7.4 Estimation of Plant Costs Based on Capacity Information /基於產能資訊的工廠成本估算/ 206

7.5 Summary /總結/ 208

References /參考文獻/ 208

Short Answer Questions /簡答題/ 209

Problems /習題/ 210

第8章Estimation of Manufacturing Costs

生產成本的估算213

8.1 Factors Affecting the Cost of Manufacturing a Chemical Product /影響化工產品生產成本的因素/ 213

8.2 Cost of Operating Labor /運營人工成本/ 218

8.3 Utility Costs /公用設施成本/ 219

8.3.1 Background Information on Utilities /公用設施的背景資訊/ 219

8.3.2 Calculation of Utility Costs /公用設施成本計算/ 221

8.4 Raw Material Costs /原材料成本/ 234

8.5 Yearly Costs and Stream Factors /年度成本和生產定額/ 237

8.6 Estimating Utility Costs from the PFD /根據PFD估算公用設施成本/ 238

8.7 Cost of Treating Liquid and Solid Waste Streams /處理液體和固體廢物流的成本/ 240

8.8 Evaluation of Cost of Manufacture for the Production of Benzene via the Hydrodealkylation of Toluene /甲苯加氫脫烷基制苯的生產成本估算/ 241

8.9 Summary /總結/ 242

References /參考文獻/ 243

Short Answer Questions /簡答題/ 243

Problems /習題/ 244

第9章Engineering Economic Analysis

工程經濟分析247

9.1 Investments and the Time Value of Money /投資與貨幣的時間價值/ 248

9.2 Different Types of Interest /不同類型的利率/ 251

9.2.1 Simple Interest /單利/ 252

9.2.2 Compound Interest /複利/ 252

9.2.3 Interest Rates Changing with Time /利率隨時間的變化/ 253

9.3 Time Basis for Compound Interest Calculations /複利計算的時間基準/ 254

9.3.1 Effective Annual Interest Rate /實際年利率/ 254

9.3.2 Continuously Compounded Interest /連續複利/ 255

9.4 Cash Flow Diagrams /現金流通圖/ 255

9.4.1 Discrete Cash Flow Diagram /離散現金流通圖/ 256

9.4.2 Cumulative Cash Flow Diagram /累積現金流通圖/ 258

9.5 Calculations from Cash Flow Diagrams /現金流通圖計算/ 259

9.5.1 Annuities—A Uniform Series of Cash Transactions /年金——統一的現金交易系列/ 260

9.5.2 Discount Factors /折現係數/ 261

9.6 Inflation /通貨膨脹/ 266

9.7 Depreciation of Capital Investment /資本投資折舊/ 268

9.7.1 Fixed Capital，Working Capital，and Land /固定資本、營運資本和土地/ 269

9.7.2 Different Types of Depreciation /不同類型的折舊/ 269

9.7.3 Current Depreciation Method（2017）:Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System（MACRS）/現行折舊方法（2017年）：修正的加速成本回收系統（MACRS）/ 273

9.8 Taxation，Cash Flow，and Profit /稅收、現金流和利潤/ 274

9.9 Summary /總結/ 277

References /參考文獻/ 277

Short Answer Questions /簡答題/ 278

Problems /習題/ 278

第10章Profitability Analysis

盈利能力分析285

10.1 A Typical Cash Flow Diagram for a New Project /新項目的典型現金流通圖/ 285

10.2 Profitability Criteria for Project Evaluation /評估項目的盈利標準/ 287

10.2.1 Nondiscounted Profitability Criteria /無折現盈利標準/ 287

10.2.2 Discounted Profitability Criteria /折現盈利標準/ 291

10.3 Comparing Several Large Projects:Incremental Economic Analysis /比較幾個大型項目：增量經濟分析/ 295

10.4 Establishing Acceptable Returns from Investments:The Concept of Risk /建立可接受的投資回報：風險概念/ 298

10.5 Evaluation of Equipment Alternatives /設備替代品評估/ 299

10.5.1 Equipment with the Same Expected Operating Lives /具有相同預期使用壽命的設備/ 299

10.5.2 Equipment with Different Expected Operating Lives /具有不同預期使用壽命的設備/ 300

10.6 Incremental Analysis for Retrofitting Facilities /改造設施的增量分析/ 305

10.6.1 Nondiscounted Methods for Incremental Analysis /增量分析的無折現方法/ 305

10.6.2 Discounted Methods for Incremental Analysis /增量分析的折現方法/ 308

10.7 Evaluation of Risk in Evaluating Profitability /評估盈利能力時的風險評估/ 309

10.7.1 Forecasting Uncertainty in Chemical Processes /化工過程的不確定性預測/ 310

10.7.2 Quantifying Risk /量化風險/ 314

10.8 Profit Margin Analysis /利潤率分析/ 325

10.9 Summary /總結/ 326

References /參考文獻/ 327

Short Answer Questions /簡答題/ 327

Problems /習題/ 328

第3篇Synthesis and Optimization of Chemical Processes

化工過程的合成與優化343

第11章Utilizing Experience-Based Principles to Confirm the Suitability of a Process Design

利用基於經驗的原則來確認過程設計的適用性347

11.1 The Role of Experience in the Design Process /設計過程中經驗的作用/ 348

11.1.1 Introduction to Technical Heuristics and Shortcut Methods /科技探索法和簡捷法簡介/ 348

11.1.2 Maximizing the Benefits Obtained from Experience /從經驗中獲得最大化利益/ 349

11.2 Presentation of Tables of Technical Heuristics and Guidelines /科技探索法和指南表格/ 351

11.3 Summary /總結/ 354

List of Informational Tables /信息表/ 354

References /參考文獻/ 368

Problems /習題/ 368

第12章Synthesis of the PFD from the Generic BFD

從通用BFD合成PFD 369

12.1 Information Needs and Sources /資訊需求和來源/ 370

12.1.1 Interactions with Other Engineers and Scientists /與其他工程師和科學家交流/ 370

12.1.2 Reaction Kinetics Data /反應動力學數據/ 370

12.1.3 Physical Property Data /物性數據/ 371

12.2 Reactor Section /反應器部分/ 372

12.3 Separator Section /分離器部分/ 373

12.3.1 General Guidelines for Choosing Separation Operations /選擇分離操作的一般準則/ 374

12.3.2 Sequencing of Distillation Columns for Simple Distillation /簡單蒸餾的蒸餾塔排序/ 376

12.3.3 Azeotropic Distillation /共沸蒸餾/ 378

12.4 Reactor Feed Preparation and Separator Feed Preparation Sections /反應器進料和分離器進料部分/ 388

12.5 Recycle Section /再迴圈部分/ 389

12.6 Environmental Control Section /環境控制組/ 389

12.7 Major Process Control Loops /主要過程控制回路/ 390

12.8 Flow Summary Table /流量匯總表/ 390

12.9 Major Equipment Summary Table /主要設備匯總表/ 390

12.10 Summary /總結/ 391

References /參考文獻/ 391

Problems /習題/ 392

第13章Synthesis of a Process Using a Simulator and Simulator Troubleshooting

使用模擬器進行過程合成及模擬器故障排除397

13.1 The Structure of a Process Simulator /過程模擬器的結構/ 398

13.2 Information Required to Complete a Process Simulation:Input Data /完成過程類比所需的資訊：輸入數據/ 401

13.2.1 Selection of Chemical Components /化學成分的選擇/ 401

13.2.2 Selection of Physical Property Models /物性模型的選擇/ 401

13.2.3 Selection and Input of Flowsheet Topology /流程拓撲的選擇和輸入/ 404

13.2.4 Selection of Feed Stream Properties /進料物流特性的選擇/ 404

13.2.5 Selection of Equipment Parameters /設備參數的選擇/ 405

13.2.6 Selection of Output Display Options /輸出顯示選項的選擇/ 411

13.2.7 Selection of Convergence Criteria and Running a Simulation /收斂性判定準則的選擇與模擬/ 411

13.2.8 Common Errors in Using Simulators /使用模擬器的常見錯誤/ 412

13.3 Handling Recycle Streams /處理再迴圈流/ 413

13.4 Choosing Thermodynamic Models /選擇熱力學模型/ 415

13.4.1 Pure-Component Properties /純組分性質/ 416

13.4.2 Enthalpy /焓/ 416

13.4.3 Phase Equilibria /相平衡/ 416

13.4.4 Using Thermodynamic Models /使用熱力學模型/ 424

13.5 Case Study:Toluene Hydrodealkylation Process /案例研究：甲苯加氫脫烷基化工藝/ 426

13.6 Electrolyte Systems Modeling /電解質系統建模/ 428

13.6.1 Fundamentals of Modeling Electrolyte Systems /電解質系統建模基礎/ 429

13.6.2 Steps Needed to Build the Model of an Aqueous Electrolyte System and the Estimation of Parameters /建立水電解質系統模型的步驟和參數估計/ 435

13.7 Solids Modeling /實體模型/ 440

13.7.1 Physical Properties /物理性質/ 440

13.7.2 Parameter Requirements for Solids Model /實體模型的參數要求/ 442

附錄13.1 Calculation of Excess Gibbs Energy for Electrolyte Systems

電解質系統超額吉布斯能的計算/ 445

附錄13.2 Steps to Build a Model of a Distillation Column for an Electrolyte System Using a Rate-Based Simulation with a Film Model for Mass Transfer，the Parameters Required at Each Stage，and Possible Sources of These Parameters

使用基於速率的類比建立電解質系統精餾塔模型的步驟，包括傳質薄膜模型、每個階段所需的參數以及這些參數的可能來源/ 447

13.8 Summary /總結/ 450

References /參考文獻/ 451

Short Answer Questions /簡答題/ 454

Problems /習題/ 455

第14章Process Optimization

過程優化463

14.1 Background Information on Optimization /優化的背景資訊/ 463

14.1.1 Common Misconceptions /常見誤區/ 465

14.1.2 Estimating Problem Difficulty /評估問題難度/ 467

14.1.3 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Strategies /自上而下法和自下而上法/ 468

14.1.4 Communication of Optimization Results /優化結果的討論/ 468

14.2 Strategies /方法/ 469

14.2.1 Base Case /基本情况/ 469

14.2.2 Objective Functions /目標函數/ 470

14.2.3 Analysis of the Base Costs /基礎成本分析/ 471

14.2.4 Identifying and Prioritizing Key Decision Variable /識別關鍵決策變數並確定其優先順序/ 471

14.3 Topological Optimization /拓撲優化/ 473

14.3.1 Introduction /引言/ 473

14.3.2 Elimination of Unwanted Nonhazardous By-Products or Hazardous Waste Streams /消除不需要的無害副產品或危險廢物流/ 473

14.3.3 Elimination and Rearrangement of Equipment /設備的淘汰和重新佈置/ 475

14.3.4 Alternative Separation Schemes and Reactor Configurations /可選的分離方案和反應器配寘/ 477

14.4 Parametric Optimization /參數優化/ 479

14.4.1 Single-Variable Optimization:A Case Study on T-201，the DME Separation Column /單變數優化：二甲醚分離塔T-201的實例研究/ 480

14.4.2 Two-Variable Optimization:The Effect of Pressure and Reflux Ratio on T-201，the DME Separation Column /雙變數優化：壓力和回流比對二甲醚分離塔T-201的影響/ 481

14.4.3 Flowsheet Optimization Using Key Decision Variables /利用關鍵決策變數進行過程優化/ 484

14.5 Lattice Search，Response Surface，and Mathematical Optimization Techniques /點陣蒐索、回應面和數學優化科技/ 489

14.6 Process Flexibility and the Sensitivity of the Optimum /過程靈活性和最佳靈敏度/ 489

14.7 Optimization in Batch Systems /間歇處理系統中的優化/ 490

14.7.1 Problem of Scheduling Equipment /設備調度問題/ 490

14.7.2 Problem of Optimum Cycle Time /最佳週期問題/ 495

14.8 Summary /總結/ 497

References /參考文獻/ 498

Short Answer Questions /簡答題/ 498

Problems /習題/ 498

第15章Pinch Technology

夾點科技509

15.1 Introduction /引言/ 509

15.2 Heat Integration and Network Design /熱集成和網路設計/ 510

15.3 Composite Temperature-Enthalpy Diagram /複合溫度-焓圖/ 523

15.4 Composite Enthalpy Curves for Systems without a Pinch /無夾點系統的複合焓曲線/ 524

15.5 Using the Composite Enthalpy Curve to Estimate Heat-Exchanger Surface Area /用複合焓曲線估算換熱器表面積/ 525

15.6 Effectiveness Factor（F）and the Number of Shells /有效係數（F）和殼程數/ 529

15.7 Combining Costs to Give the EAOC for the Network /綜合成本給出網絡的EAOC / 534

15.8 Other Considerations /其他注意事項/ 536

15.8.1 Materials of Construction and Operating Pressure Issues /設備資料和操作壓力/ 536

15.8.2 Problems with Multiple Utilities /多個公用設施/ 539

15.8.3 Handling Streams with Phase Changes /處理相變流/ 539

15.9 Heat-Exchanger Network Synthesis Analysis and Design（HENSAD）Program /換熱器網絡綜合分析與設計（HENSAD）程式/ 540

15.10 Mass-Exchange Networks /質量交換網絡/ 541

15.11 Summary /總結/ 550

References /參考文獻/ 550

Short Answer Questions /簡答題/ 551

Problems /習題/ 552

第16章Advanced Topics Using Steady-State Simulators

使用穩態模擬器的前沿主題561

16.1 Why the Need for Advanced Topics in Steady-State Simulation？/ 為什麼要在穩態類比中討論前沿話題/ 562

16.2 User-Added Models /用戶添加模型/ 562

16.2.1 Unit Operation Models /單元操作模型/ 563

16.2.2 User Thermodynamic and Transport Models /用戶熱力學和傳輸模型/ 564

16.2.3 User Kinetic Models /用戶動力學模型/ 568

16.3 Solution Strategy for Steady-State Simulations /穩態類比的方案策略/ 571

16.3.1 Sequential Modular（SM）/序貫模塊法（SM）/ 572

16.3.2 Equation-Oriented（EO）/聯立方程法（EO）/ 585

16.3.3 Simultaneous Modular（SMod）/同步模組化（SMod）/ 586

16.4 Studies with the Steady-State Simulation /穩態類比研究/ 589

16.4.1 Sensitivity Studies /靈敏度研究/ 589

16.4.2 Optimization Studies /優化研究/ 589

16.5 Estimation of Physical Property Parameters /物性參數評估/ 601

16.6 Summary /總結/ 605

References /參考文獻/ 605

Short Answer Questions /簡答題/ 607

Problems /習題/ 607

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